{"id":986,"date":"2021-05-16T12:47:37","date_gmt":"2021-05-16T12:47:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?page_id=986"},"modified":"2025-04-07T00:34:31","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T00:34:31","slug":"comportamiento-de-fundaciones-superficiales","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/comportamiento-de-fundaciones-superficiales\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding shallow foundations behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"986\" class=\"elementor elementor-986\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e72ecc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e72ecc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column 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menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ddfdd24 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ddfdd24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4faa75d\" data-id=\"4faa75d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac9499 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ac9499\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding shallow foundations behavior<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b431d8 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b431d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73acd74\" data-id=\"73acd74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7046fef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7046fef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Foundations are the connections between the superstructure and the ground, and although the behavior of these elements is complex, it is necessary to understand the basic principles that govern it. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98aca13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98aca13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86d8d64\" data-id=\"86d8d64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22d9827 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" 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class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__22d9827\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__22d9827\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__22d9827\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e51d5e7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e51d5e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a78fa2\" data-id=\"4a78fa2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa0046a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa0046a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shallow foundations behavior<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffaeb01 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffaeb01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce69b86\" data-id=\"ce69b86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20b7122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20b7122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the classic text by Lambe &amp; Whitman (1969), a very illustrative photograph is included (which is reproduced in Figure 1), showing a laboratory scale model, in which the soil is represented by cylindrical rods, and they are loaded by a rigid footing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7520af3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7520af3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7feb825\" data-id=\"7feb825\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf08b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf08b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"613\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-1-1-1024x785.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-1-1-1024x785.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-1-1-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-1-1-768x588.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-1-1.jpg 1082w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ca0f51c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ca0f51c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32a2d9e\" data-id=\"32a2d9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ac1b3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ac1b3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 1 Failure zones under a footing (Source: Lambe &amp; Whitman, 1969).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d36052b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d36052b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca51ddb\" data-id=\"ca51ddb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1f1655 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1f1655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As shown in the photograph, the rebars are displaced from the bottom of the footing and, at the same time, the shallower rebars, located at the sides of the foundation, are lifted.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>This model is excellent for intuition of how failure can develop in granular soils. But, what is the behavior of shallow foundations in real soils?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 2 may help to answer this question. It shows a simple shallow foundation with a bearing pressure q, a net bearing pressure qn and a settlement \u03c1. If the foundation is rigid (e.g., reinforced concrete), the settlement ,\u03c1 will be uniform and the bearing pressure will vary along the foundation. If, on the other hand, the foundation is flexible (e.g., an earth embankment), the bearing pressure will be uniform, but the settlements will vary. Part (a) of Figure 2 illustrates the mean values of q and \u03c1 for each case, while part (b) shows the relationship between the net bearing pressure qn and the settlement \u03c1. As seen in Figure 2 (b), as the bearing pressure increases, the settlements begin to accelerate, and at some point the foundation can be said to have failed due to the magnitude of these settlements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c4a3637 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c4a3637\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21dfda\" data-id=\"a21dfda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a9dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"39a9dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-2-1-1024x515.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-991\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-2-1-1024x515.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-2-1-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-2-1-768x386.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-2-1.jpg 1082w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb7d89a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb7d89a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa36acc\" data-id=\"fa36acc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5832bc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5832bc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 2 Loading and settlement for a foundation (Source: Atkinson, 2007).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cdf3b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cdf3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b542fb\" data-id=\"0b542fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9efa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9efa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to the above, it can be stated that foundations do not fail in the sense that they can no longer support a load, or that the load on them has reached a maximum or is beginning to decrease, but that they fail because an admissible limit settlement has been reached, above which the structure ceases to be functional.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">It is obvious to mention that foundations should not be loaded with pressures close to their bearing capacity qc, since the settlements would be too large and the structure would probably be damaged (even if it does not collapse).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Thus, to limit settlements to an allowable value \u03c1a it is necessary to reduce the bearing pressure to an allowable bearing pressure qa, as shown in Figure 2 (b). In practice, this is usually achieved by applying a load factor to the bearing capacity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0abd74b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0abd74b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6faa70\" data-id=\"d6faa70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf5cc22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf5cc22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drained and undrained loads effects<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f643dc0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f643dc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32ea674\" data-id=\"32ea674\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7677496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7677496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It has already been mentioned that, in general, foundations fail because certain levels of deformation are reached, after which the structure loses its functionality. This might sound strange to those who are used to think of the soil failing by shear, generating a sudden subsidence of the foundation. Although this case is feasible, in practice it is very rare and usually the problems associated with foundations are due to excessive deformations of the soil.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Now, how do loading conditions influence the behavior of the foundation? How does settlement occur under drained and undrained loading conditions?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The first important thing to take into account is that drained and undrained loading conditions depend on the loading rate, and these concepts are useful for fine, low permeability soils, such as loamy clays or coarse materials with clay particle contents higher than 25-30%, with high saturation levels. In the case of sands, the conditions will always be drained, given the high permeability of this type of material.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70e29c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70e29c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aac1d35\" data-id=\"aac1d35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a400fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0a400fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"493\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-3-1-1024x631.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-992\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-3-1-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-3-1-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-3-1-768x474.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-3-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc9a902 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc9a902\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4bfe78e\" data-id=\"4bfe78e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46439d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46439d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 3 Stress conditions under drained and undrained loads (Source: https:\/\/slidetodoc.com\/eat-212-soil-mechanics-chapter-4-shear-strength\/, 2021).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-58a76ab elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58a76ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-098af7b\" data-id=\"098af7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-863fc7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"863fc7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Let us review Figure 4, taken from Atkinson (2007). Part (a) of that figure, shows the net bearing pressure of a foundation, increased to qa slowly, so that the load is drained. For this case, the settlements increase in parallel with the load up to the value \u03c1d, as shown in part (b) of the figure. Part (c), illustrates the effect of the same load, but increased rapidly, so that in this case the load is undrained. This rapid loading produces an immediate, undrained settlement, called \u03c1i, which is indicated in part (d) of the figure. The undrained load increases the pore pressure in the soil beneath the foundation, and dissipation of this excess pressure causes consolidation settlement to occur. The settlement at some time t after that of consolidation is \u03c1t, and the final settlement occurring after a relatively long time is \u03c1\u221e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e39d98d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e39d98d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5548e46\" data-id=\"5548e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bda1ac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bda1ac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-4-1-1024x749.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-4-1-1024x749.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-4-1-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-4-1-768x562.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Figura-4-1.jpg 1078w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c5919f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4c5919f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b62337c\" data-id=\"b62337c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8bd248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8bd248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 4 Efect of load rateo on foundation settlements (Source: Atkinson, 2007).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a2fb8a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a2fb8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27b8c2b\" data-id=\"27b8c2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c13f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c13f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">As can be seen from the above analysis, it is important to consider the effect of load rate when designing a foundation. In general, in practice, the case illustrated by parts (c) and (d) of Figure 3 is usual. If conditions exist for soil consolidation to occur, long-term deformations may develop, up to \u03c1\u221e. Otherwise, deformations will be short-term, up to levels close to \u03c1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-848d41f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"848d41f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50e0da9\" data-id=\"50e0da9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fba429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9fba429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Design considerations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d28d63b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d28d63b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-350ad57\" data-id=\"350ad57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38da8fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38da8fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">As pointed out by Lambe &amp; Whitman (1969), and according to the previous sections, the basic criterion for the design of a foundation is that the settlement should not exceed a certain admissible value.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In order to meet this basic criterion, all or some of the following values should be estimated (see Figures 2 and 3):<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li class=\"translation-block\">The bearing capacity qc (to ensure that the foundation has an adequate margin of safety against collapse).<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">The allowable bearing pressure qa and the drained settlement \u03c1d or the immediate (undrained) settlement \u03c1i, depending on the loading conditions prevailing in the project.<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">The consolidation after loading, the final consolidation settlement \u03c1\u221e, and the variation of settlement \u03c1t with time.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Finally, it is important to mention that not all structures support the same level of settlement. A fluid storage tank, for instance, will have a different deformation tolerance than, say, dynamic equipment, a wind turbine tower, or a steel frame structure. But this topic will be discussed in more detail in a future post.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac5bfad elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac5bfad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11c21de\" data-id=\"11c21de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db6788c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"db6788c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66c4481 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66c4481\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea64669\" data-id=\"ea64669\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24cf135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24cf135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Atkinson, J. (2007) <strong>\u201cThe Mechanics of Soils and Foundations\u201d<\/strong>. Second Edition. CRC Press \u2013 Taylor &amp; Francis Group. Abingdon, UK.<\/li><li>Das, B. (2009) <strong>\u201cShallow Foundations \u2013 Bearing Capacity and Settlement\u201d<\/strong>. CRC Press \u2013 Taylor &amp; Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida, USA.<\/li><li>Lambe, W. &amp; Whitman, R. (1969) <strong>\u201cSoil Mechanics\u201d<\/strong>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, USA.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3553c2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3553c2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d9b999\" data-id=\"5d9b999\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15d1d0f elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"15d1d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-7da78dc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Geo-Web-100977118794652\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fe85f2d\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/geowebonline\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-a21533a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/geowebonline\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-8544528\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alvaro-boiero-37bb4348\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1dd675 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1dd675\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eff433c\" data-id=\"eff433c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1259be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1259be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024 - geo Todos los derechos reservados \/ Desarrollo web: lubercba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Entendiendo el comportamiento de las Fundaciones Superficiales Las fundaciones son las conexiones entre la superestructura y el terreno, y aunque el comportamiento de estos elementos es complejo, es necesario comprender los principios b\u00e1sicos que lo rigen. Contenidos Comportamiento de fundaciones superficiales En el texto cl\u00e1sico de Lambe &amp; Whitman (1969), se [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-986","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comportamiento de Fundaciones Superficiales -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/comportamiento-de-fundaciones-superficiales\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Comportamiento de Fundaciones Superficiales -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Entendiendo el comportamiento de las Fundaciones Superficiales Las fundaciones son las conexiones entre la superestructura y el terreno, y aunque el comportamiento de estos elementos es complejo, es necesario comprender los principios b\u00e1sicos que lo rigen. 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