{"id":91,"date":"2020-10-02T14:56:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-02T14:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?page_id=91"},"modified":"2025-04-06T23:46:17","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T23:46:17","slug":"fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/","title":{"rendered":"Foundations in civil engineering"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"91\" class=\"elementor elementor-91\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40a4721 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40a4721\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ed64e2\" data-id=\"4ed64e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c02d279 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"c02d279\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-7da78dc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Geo-Web-100977118794652\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fe85f2d\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/geowebonline\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-a21533a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/geowebonline\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-8544528\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alvaro-boiero-37bb4348\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5997ce2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5997ce2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f1c925\" data-id=\"7f1c925\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ef13d5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8ef13d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png 582w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79d6d31\" data-id=\"79d6d31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d85c4a5 elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"d85c4a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-d85c4a5\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-d85c4a5\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9f9ddda elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"9f9ddda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f8d0d94\" data-id=\"f8d0d94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-379004a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"379004a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png 582w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8057d09\" data-id=\"8057d09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6cde38b elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6cde38b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e24d2de\" data-id=\"e24d2de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80738c elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"e80738c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-e80738c\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-e80738c\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89f0ab2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89f0ab2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ad6b99\" data-id=\"6ad6b99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9beba9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9beba9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Foundations in civil engineering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-800becd elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"800becd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c71a5e6\" data-id=\"c71a5e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a6eff2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0a6eff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1292eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1292eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">\u201cAny structure is no stronger than its connections.\" Although it is usual for this statement to invoke images of the connections between individual structural members, it also applies to those between the superstructure and the ground that supports it. Basically, this connection is the foundation. Even the ancient builders knew that the most carefully designed structures could fail if they were not supported by adequate foundations (Coduto, 2001).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b0b3575 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b0b3575\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-678fb90\" data-id=\"678fb90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92cc648 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92cc648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContent\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92cc648\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92cc648\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92cc648\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ea404 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ea404\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb04df\" data-id=\"cdb04df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-808db27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"808db27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are foundations?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0e8c54e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0e8c54e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd94a3a\" data-id=\"bd94a3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f78c03f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f78c03f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2236d92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2236d92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Let's start with a seemingly simple question, but one that is often difficult to answer accurately. As mentioned above, foundations are the connections between what is known as superstructure and the ground that supports it. But this connection has a particularity: the members it connects (the superstructure and the ground) may have very different stiffnesses. That is why foundations must be designed in such a way that the maximum pressure transmitted from the superstructure to the ground does not cause excessive deformation or rupture of the supporting soil (Taylor, 1948).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Loads from the superstructure are transmitted by columns, by load-bearing walls, or by other load-bearing members, to the foundations. In some cases, the foundation material is a very strong soil, so that, according to experience, no major foundation problems are usually expected. In other cases, the material immediately beneath the structure may be of such poor quality that loads from the superstructure must be transmitted by piles to deeper, higher strength strata.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The klepsydra analogy can be useful to better understand the superstructure-foundations interaction (Guti\u00e9rrez, 2016). The Structural Engineer responsible for designing the structure, concentrates the loads acting on the floor slabs to the beams, and from the beams to the columns or supporting walls, until they reach the foundations in the form of concentrated loads. From there, the Geotechnical Engineer, in an inverse process so that the concentrated loads do not generate ground failure, \"expands\" the point loads. He must look for foundation solutions by widening their surface, in the case of shallow foundations, and when they are deep foundations, try to bring the concentrated loads directly to the resistant soil strata or to achieve a sufficiently large contact area to dissipate the frictional stresses with the soil it crosses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b3bdbb elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b3bdbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b933f6\" data-id=\"7b933f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc63711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc63711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"347\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/fundaciones.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-280\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/fundaciones.jpg 347w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/fundaciones-300x227.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-791baab elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"791baab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88586b3\" data-id=\"88586b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39318f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39318f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 1 Analogy of a klepsydra with the methodologies used by structural engineers and geotechnical engineers to deal with structural loads (Source: Guti\u00e9rrez, 2016. http:\/\/www.construccionenacero.com\/comment\/236).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-543367c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"543367c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-133f6cf\" data-id=\"133f6cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e0c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e0c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">An important factor to take into account is that foundations must be designed and constructed in such a way as to ensure the stability of the superstructure throughout its useful life. Accordingly, it is evident that they must be designed taking into consideration the most unfavorable conditions expected, which must be properly identified by the Geotechnical Engineer at the time of the soil study for the project.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Another factor to take into account are loads to be transmitted by the superstructure: what type of loads (axial, lateral, moments) will they be? What is the estimated magnitude of these loads? What design criteria will be used? We will prepare another post related to this aspect. However, it is something that should be considered from the beginning as a fundamental aspect for the design.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Considering what has been mentioned so far, we are then able to answer the question formulated in the title of the section: what foundations are? Well, we can answer this question by stating that foundations are the members that connect the superstructure with the ground, and whose primary function is to transmit the loads to the ground, ensuring that: 1) the ground does not rupture; and 2) excessive deformations of the ground are not generated; so that the functionality of the superstructure is not affected during the useful life of the superstructure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fe4cff elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1fe4cff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cdeb5\" data-id=\"a3cdeb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8724a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8724a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origins of modern Foundation Engineering<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29bae52 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29bae52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40de90a\" data-id=\"40de90a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d279003 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d279003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d683677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d683677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Although builders have recognized the importance of firm foundations for countless generations, and the history of foundation construction spans thousands of years, the discipline of Foundation Engineering as we know it today did not begin its development until the late 19th Century (Coduto, 2001). In many ancient (and not so ancient, it must be said) constructions, foundation designs were based solely on previous experience, intuition, and common sense. Through trial and error, builders developed rules for foundation sizing and construction.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">One of the first signs that engineers began to investigate the behavior of foundations and to develop more rational design methodologies, not based solely on rules of thumb, appears around 1873, when the architect Frederick Baumann published a work entitled The Art of Preparing Foundations, with a Particular Illustration of the \"Method of Isolated Piers\" as Followed in Chicago (see Figure 2). In this paper, soil is recognized as a compressible material, and classifies foundation soils as solid soils, compressible soils, and semi-fluid soils. It also proposes that the foundation area should be proportional to the applied load, and that this load should not be eccentric. The document also includes allowable contact pressure values for Chicago soils, and specifies tolerances for total and differential settlements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e04da8 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e04da8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8110749\" data-id=\"8110749\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1b28cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1b28cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-281\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-2.jpg 819w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-2-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-2-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b16e9d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9b16e9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-119fe02\" data-id=\"119fe02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba27de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba27de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 2 Cover of document published by F. Baumann in 1873 (Source: https:\/\/books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=twopage&amp;q&amp;f=true).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16c9f77 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16c9f77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-426d95d\" data-id=\"426d95d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd7b57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd7b57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another example of the rationalization process of foundation design are the masonry bearing walls built in New York (USA) during the 19th Century. According to Powell (1884), masonry bearing walls built on compacted gravel should be supported by spread footings with a width equal to 1.5 times the width of the wall; in the case of walls installed on sand or hard clay, the width of the foundation should be equal to 3 times the width of the wall.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">A particular case that illustrates the application of new ideas in the design of foundations, in order to ensure the long-term functionality of the structure, is that of the Eiffel Tower, located in Paris, France (Coduto, 2001). This tower, which is one of the most visited monuments in the world today, was built for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889, and its designer and builder, Gustave Eiffel, was fully aware of the importance of foundations. The Eiffel Tower is located adjacent to the Seine River, on a difficult ground that includes uncontrolled backfills and soft, loose alluvial soils. Eiffel carried out a complete exploration of the subsoil, using 200 mm diameter pipes filled with compressed air. The air prevented water from entering the tube, which made it possible to recover high quality samples. Based on the performed exploration, Eiffel built the foundations of the two legs furthest from the Siena in good quality soil, above the water table; while the foundations of the other two legs, adjacent to the Siena, required excavating about 12 m below the ground surface (about 6 m below the water table) to be supported on firm ground. As a result of the importance Gustave Eiffel placed on ground exploration and foundation design, the Eiffel Tower has been in operation for more than 120 years without significant differential settlement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3cbf055 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3cbf055\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-adf4052\" data-id=\"adf4052\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67a8c7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"67a8c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3-1024x708.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-282\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3-1024x708.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3-1536x1063.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-3.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4984058 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4984058\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-318ccb8\" data-id=\"318ccb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213adeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"213adeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/rarehistoricalphotos.com\/eiffel-tower-construction\/\">Figure 3 Construction of the Eiffel Tower\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1f2078 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f2078\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3b1198\" data-id=\"b3b1198\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79b5161 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79b5161\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/torrecita-1024x374.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-283\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/torrecita-1024x374.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/torrecita-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/torrecita-768x281.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/torrecita.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31be89 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31be89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-634f61a\" data-id=\"634f61a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1832ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1832ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/rarehistoricalphotos.com\/eiffel-tower-construction\/\">Figure 4 Foundations of the Eiffel Tower <\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66fbe98 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66fbe98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19c920\" data-id=\"a19c920\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89347c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89347c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Foundation Engineering began to develop more rapidly around the 1920s, as a result of the impetus given by the appearance of Karl Terzaghi's pioneering work, Erdbaumechanick auf Bodenphysikalischer Grundlage, in 1925. This development had the major impact of providing a better theoretical basis for foundation design, from which new construction methods were improved and developed. Thus, it is now possible to construct foundations in places where it was considered impossible or impractical to do so under the old practices.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73a8e9d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73a8e9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7fafaa3\" data-id=\"7fafaa3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf224f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf224f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification of foundations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8876dcc elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8876dcc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e9e4e3\" data-id=\"0e9e4e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ea9008 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9ea9008\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbd86e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbd86e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Foundations, as already mentioned, are the elements that connect the superstructure to the ground. These elements can be built with concrete, steel, wood, or even other elements (Coduto, 2001).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">These elements can be divided into two categories (Peck et al, 1953): shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallw foundations transmit loads to superficial ground-layers, relatively close to the surface (typically, up to 2 m to 2.5 m deep, although some shallow foundations of industrial equipment may be supported at depths greater than 3.5 m); while Deep foundations transmit loads to deeper resistant strata. Figure 5 shows the classification of shallow and deep foundations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c786d5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3c786d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6308e32\" data-id=\"6308e32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb4ff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eeb4ff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-284\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/12-1-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50f2e4 elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50f2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 5 Classification of foundations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15ff7bb elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15ff7bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f948ac2\" data-id=\"f948ac2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0fcc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fc0fcc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-6.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-285\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-6.jpg 819w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-6-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-6-768x502.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62d41b7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62d41b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b8abfbd\" data-id=\"b8abfbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9131f29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9131f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.understandconstruction.com\/\">Figure 6 Shallow foundations transmitting loads to near-surface strata <\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37c2b03 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37c2b03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d865a2f\" data-id=\"d865a2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d8c06c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8d8c06c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"769\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-286\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-7.jpg 916w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-7-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Figura-7-768x738.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-191fda6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"191fda6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e96854\" data-id=\"9e96854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e62d1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e62d1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.understandconstruction.com\/\">Figure 7 Deep foundations that transmit loads to deeper strata of higher strength<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4f4a9f1 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4f4a9f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e4efb9e\" data-id=\"e4efb9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70e757b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70e757b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Some authors, such as Terzaghi (1943), differentiate between shallow and deep foundations by considering the embedment depth of the foundation Df and the minimum width of the foundation B. Thus, shallow foundations are those that present a ratio Df\/B \u2264 1, while deep foundations present a ratio Df\/B &gt; 1. However, in my opini\u00f3n, the conceptual difference between shallow and deep foundations is obvious, so I do not think it is appropriate to consider this type of criteria to differentiate them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-59612f7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"59612f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c56e6c3\" data-id=\"c56e6c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922ed81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"922ed81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uncertainties in Foundation Engineering<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce834e5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce834e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3a9ec8\" data-id=\"b3a9ec8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2594f2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2594f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5021ac5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5021ac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">On one occasion, Dr. Jos\u00e9 Grases Galofre, a prominent Venezuelan engineer and professor, spoke to me about the definition of Structural Engineering: \"Structural Engineering is the art and science of modeling materials that we do not fully understand, with shapes that we cannot analyze precisely, subjected to loads that cannot be adequately predicted, in a way in which society has no reason to suspect our ignorance\". The definition is not his, but I think it is quite accurate.<\/p><p>This definition can be perfectly applied to Foundation Engineering. Even in the light of the enormous progress made in this field, there are still too many gaps in our knowledge of this discipline. But why do such gaps exist?<\/p><p>In general, the greatest uncertainty in any foundation engineering project results from a limited knowledge of the ground conditions. Even the most complete explorations, using the best sampling tools, cover only a limited portion of the ground, so it is necessary to interpolate and extrapolate the information obtained from such exploration.<\/p><p>Another source of uncertainty is our incomplete and imperfect understanding of soil-structure interaction mechanisms. For instance: what is the effective depth at which the soil no longer \"feels\" the stresses transmitted from the foundation? what is the resistance at a failure surface below a foundation supported on a layered soil? how does the shaft resistance develop in a pile? how do the properties of the soil adjacent to a driven pile change? These questions are the subject of ongoing research.<\/p><p>On the other hand, it is extremely difficult to predict the stresses that will act on the foundation, especially live loads and those induced by earthquakes or winds. In addition, most design standards and codes are conservative in estimating these stresses, which introduces a strong component of uncertainty in the foundation design.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a31b6a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a31b6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4dae74\" data-id=\"c4dae74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135a589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"135a589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-287\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1-1024x617.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/13-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae4c741 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae4c741\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf6169\" data-id=\"caf6169\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1335f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1335f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 8 Sources of uncertainty in Foundation Engineering.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5eb3cca elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5eb3cca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0edf672\" data-id=\"0edf672\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9298fb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9298fb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Safety factor in Foundation Engineering<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d05be9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d05be9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-def7d38\" data-id=\"def7d38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c14363c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c14363c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e59e82e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e59e82e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As already mentioned previously, there is a large uncertainty in Foundation Engineering, mainly associated to limitations in the available information and to an incomplete and imperfect understanding of the soil behavior. Due to this, and to compensate for these uncertainties, a factor of safety (FS) is used in the design of foundations.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The value of FS in a given design is based on numerous factors, including the following (Coduto, 2001):<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>The acceptable probability of failure.<\/li><li>Consequences of failure.<\/li><li>Uncertainty associated with soil properties and applied loads.<\/li><li>Construction tolerances.<\/li><li>Ignorance about the real behavior of the foundation.<\/li><li>Cost-benefit ratio of an excessively conservative design.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"translation-block\">Accordingly, it seems appropriate to consider FS as a value associated with different degrees of design reliability, or the probability of foundation failure. Undoubtedly, any foundation can fail, but some are more prone to do so than others. Thus, it can be stated that the design FS defines the designer's estimate between the cost and reliability of the foundation.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>And what does this mean in practice? Observing the factors that influence the value of FS, it is evident that, the greater the certainty that the Geotechnical Engineer has about these factors (i.e., if he has complete information about the project, use of facilities, potential consequences of failure of the same, a quality soil survey that provides reliable information about the ground, appropriate and sufficient laboratory tests on soil samples, among other things), then a lower FS could be assumed, thus optimizing the cost-benefit ratio of the design. Otherwise, a higher FS should be assumed, which increases the foundation dimensions and, therefore, negatively affects the cost-benefit ratio of the design.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In a future post we are going to delve into this important topic, which significantly affects the cost of projects. But we already have information to understand the concept of factor of safety.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d896850 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d896850\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9a6611\" data-id=\"d9a6611\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8f711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b8f711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Accuracy of foundation calculations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a280c73 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a280c73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3821d82\" data-id=\"3821d82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebd558e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebd558e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since, at the present state of the art, there is not a complete understanding of foundation behavior, most of the available analysis and design methods include a mixture of rational and empirical techniques.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Rational techniques are those developed from physical principles and engineering technology, which are very useful for describing mechanisms that we understand and can quantify. Empirical techniques, on the other hand, are based mainly on experimental data, and can be especially helpful when we have a limited understanding of physical mechanisms.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The methods for analyzing foundation problems include simple conceptual models, with little experimental data to validate them, or empirical techniques that reflect only some basic aspects of the mechanisms controlling the observed behavior. Thus, research in the field of Foundation Engineering is essential in order to calibrate, from experimental data, the rational models used, thus improving the accuracy of the predictions.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Considering the above, it is worth asking the question: how accurate is a foundation calculation? How close is the model used to what may occur in reality?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>We can say that, as a general rule, the precision and accuracy in any foundation calculation will depend not only on the model used, but also on the available information for design. But it is a good idea to keep two things in mind:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li class=\"translation-block\">That the result obtained is an order of magnitude (so it does not make sense to express the results with, for example, three or four decimal values, as some calculation programs give).<\/li><li>2.\tThat, since these are orders of magnitude, it can be considered that the actual prediction may be in the order of \u00b150%.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>This raises a philosophical problem, if you will: why investigate the ground if there is so much uncertainty in the data and models we use to predict the behavior of foundations? why devote effort to this?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">These questions can have several answers, but in my humble opinion, the objective pursued is to optimize project costs. Remember that, as Terzaghi said, \"there is no glory in foundations\", since they are located under the ground, they are not observed as we can see a building, a bridge or any other structure. However, from an economic point of view, sometimes the investment in foundations is as important as the investment in the superstructure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2fe2af9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2fe2af9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63e6648\" data-id=\"63e6648\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c64a0d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c64a0d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce7a69e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce7a69e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6f31a3\" data-id=\"b6f31a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-823e9ae elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"823e9ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88c89fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88c89fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Baumann, F. (1873) <strong>\u201cThe Art of Preparing Foundations, with a Particular Illustration of the \u201cMethod of Isolated Piers\u201d as Followed in Chicago\u201d<\/strong>. Disponible en <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">https:\/\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.ve\/books?id=9uEtnQEACAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=es&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Coduto, D. (2001) <strong>\u201cFoundation Design: Principles and Practices\u201d<\/strong>. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, USA.<\/li>\n<li>Guti\u00e9rrez, A. (2016) <strong>\u201cFundaciones I: Consideraciones Geot\u00e9cnicas\u201d<\/strong>. Disponible en <a href=\"http:\/\/www.construccionenacero.com\/comment\/236\">http:\/\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.construccionenacero.com\/comment\/236\">www.construccionenacero.com\/comment\/236<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Peck, R.; Hanson, W. &amp; Thornburn, T. (1953) <strong>\u201cFoundation Engineering\u201d<\/strong>. First Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, USA.<\/li>\n<li>Taylo, D. (1948) <strong>\u201cFundamentals of Soil Mechanics\u201d<\/strong>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, USA.<\/li>\n<li>Terzahgi, K. (1943) <strong>\u201cTheoretical Soil Mechanics\u201d<\/strong>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, USA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9be52c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9be52c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-787fc73\" data-id=\"787fc73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4630052 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"4630052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-7da78dc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Geo-Web-100977118794652\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fe85f2d\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/geowebonline\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-a21533a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/geowebonline\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-8544528\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alvaro-boiero-37bb4348\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27f4dbe elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27f4dbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a4d427\" data-id=\"1a4d427\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eb1dc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7eb1dc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024 - geo Todos los derechos reservados \/ Desarrollo web: lubercba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil \u201cCualquier estructura no es m\u00e1s resistente que sus conexiones\u201d. Aunque es usual que esta afirmaci\u00f3n invoque im\u00e1genes de las conexiones entre miembros estructurales individuales, tambi\u00e9n aplica a aquellas entre la superestructura y el terreno que las soporta. B\u00e1sicamente, esta conexi\u00f3n es la fundaci\u00f3n. A\u00fan los antiguos [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-91","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil \u201cCualquier estructura no es m\u00e1s resistente que sus conexiones\u201d. Aunque es usual que esta afirmaci\u00f3n invoque im\u00e1genes de las conexiones entre miembros estructurales individuales, tambi\u00e9n aplica a aquellas entre la superestructura y el terreno que las soporta. B\u00e1sicamente, esta conexi\u00f3n es la fundaci\u00f3n. A\u00fan los antiguos [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-06T23:46:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"582\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"277\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-10-02T14:56:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-04-06T23:46:17+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"El Blog de Alvaro Boiero\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/geo-webonline.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -","og_description":"Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil \u201cCualquier estructura no es m\u00e1s resistente que sus conexiones\u201d. Aunque es usual que esta afirmaci\u00f3n invoque im\u00e1genes de las conexiones entre miembros estructurales individuales, tambi\u00e9n aplica a aquellas entre la superestructura y el terreno que las soporta. B\u00e1sicamente, esta conexi\u00f3n es la fundaci\u00f3n. A\u00fan los antiguos [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/","article_modified_time":"2025-04-06T23:46:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":582,"height":277,"url":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/","url":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/","name":"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil -","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png","datePublished":"2020-10-02T14:56:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-06T23:46:17+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/fundaciones-en-la-ingenieria-civil\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Fundaciones en la Ingenieria Civil"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/","name":"","description":"El Blog de Alvaro Boiero","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4051,"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions\/4051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}