{"id":2892,"date":"2023-05-29T13:54:36","date_gmt":"2023-05-29T13:54:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?page_id=2892"},"modified":"2025-04-06T18:06:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T18:06:28","slug":"la-licuacion-de-suelos-y-sus-consecuencias-economicas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/la-licuacion-de-suelos-y-sus-consecuencias-economicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil liquefaction and its economic consequences"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2892\" class=\"elementor elementor-2892\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f83cd18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f83cd18\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a 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elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-515043b\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0520b3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e0520b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png 582w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff56606 elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"ff56606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-ff56606\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a 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tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2495c2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2495c2e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72934a3\" data-id=\"72934a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adfd6df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"adfd6df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soil liquefaction and its economic consequences<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3a52a6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3a52a6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ea7468\" data-id=\"9ea7468\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a7f088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a7f088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon typically associated with the occurrence of earthquakes, which generates the loss of shear strength of the soil and the consequent occurrence of significant deformations in it, with often devastating effects for structures and service infrastructure that turn into millions of dollars in losses Do you want to know more about this topic? Continue reading this post...<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf89118 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf89118\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8032634\" data-id=\"8032634\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f10e7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"09f10e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c3a45c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c3a45c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b5b06\" data-id=\"53b5b06\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8be634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8be634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What soil liquefaction is<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e7e476c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e7e476c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d889f7\" data-id=\"7d889f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2375117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2375117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Basically, we can say that liquefaction is the process by which a sediment that is submerged (i.e., below the water table) experiences a loss of strength and ceases to behave as a solid and becomes a viscous liquid. Any soil can liquefy, although the types of sediments most susceptible to liquefaction are clean sands and silts, with a low percentage of clay colloids.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Typically, liquefaction is produced by the action of seismic waves (primarily shear waves), which pass through saturated granular soil strata, distorting the soil structure and causing the collapse of groups of particles that are under a loose arrangement. These collapses increase the pore pressure between soil grains when drainage cannot occur and, recalling the Principle of Effective Stresses proposed by Terzaghi, what physically happens is that, if the pore pressure reaches values close to the weight of the overlying soil, the granular soil layer temporarily behaves as a viscous liquid, losing its shear strength. At this point liquefaction occurred.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>What does liquefaction depend on? There are three factors that significantly influence the susceptibility to liquefaction, which should be analyzed as completely as possible in geotechnical studies developed in soils where this type of phenomenon is suspected to occur, and they are the following:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>Soil density<\/li><li>Clay and\/or cementitious agents content in the soil structure<\/li><li>Drainage restrictions<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Figure 1 schematically illustrates the liquefaction process, highlighting the effects of the occurrence of the phenomenon on the soil structure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a91a0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a91a0f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bfebc63\" data-id=\"bfebc63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0010c0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0010c0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-1024x640.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2894\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-2048x1280.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-1-3-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14f60c0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14f60c0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf59a52\" data-id=\"cf59a52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a5093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a5093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 1 Soil liquefaction phenomenon: a) submerged granular soils of low compactness; b) increase in pore pressure and loss of shear strength due to the effect of seismic waves; c) densification of the soil after the earthquake. (Source: available at https:\/\/www.geotech.hr\/en\/soil-liquefaction\/).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e1f3526 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e1f3526\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-915f666\" data-id=\"915f666\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7884098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7884098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From the figure above, it is important to highlight that, once liquefaction has occurred, soil particles are rearranged in a denser state, which results in significant deformations of the soil and, therefore, of the structures supported on it.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">As an additional comment to take into account when developing a geotechnical study, it is important to note that liquefaction is restricted to geological environments of recent deposits of sands and silts in which the groundwater level is close to the surface. Thus, the sediments most susceptible to liquefaction are typical of deltaic formations, river margins, flood areas, aeolian deposits, and poorly compacted hydraulic fills. The SCEC\/USC (1999) defines liquefaction hazard zones, and the EERI (1994) states that the liquefaction phenomenon can generate various types of failures, namely: a) flow failure; b) lateral displacement; c) ground oscillations; d) loss of soil bearing capacity; e) settlement; f) increase of lateral pressure in retaining walls.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ff6559 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ff6559\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4d24\" data-id=\"e2d4d24\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dba15e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dba15e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Affectation on civil facilities<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3cf9a3b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3cf9a3b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ecda53a\" data-id=\"ecda53a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2948d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2948d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As can be seen from previous section, it is clear that soil liquefaction can have disastrous effects on buildings and service facilities, especially associated with post-liquefaction settlements. Some effects of the occurrence of the phenomenon are shown in Figure 2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-590030f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"590030f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d531de\" data-id=\"5d531de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffa8127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ffa8127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-1024x640.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2895\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-1024x640.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-2048x1280.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-2-3-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b62c963 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b62c963\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903b674\" data-id=\"903b674\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e697b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e697b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 2 Soil liquefaction effects (Source: compiled from https:\/\/www.google.com\/).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66c361d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66c361d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0fd8ed\" data-id=\"d0fd8ed\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1790c94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1790c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In general, the possible effects on civil facilities can be summarized as follows:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol><li class=\"translation-block\">Building failures. The foundations of a building are designed according to the bearing capacity of the soil. In case of liquefaction, as mentioned above, the bearing capacity of the soil practically desapears, resulting in the building sinking into the ground, tilting, or even overturning. In addition, in less severe cases, post-liquefaction differential settlements can generate the appearance of cracks in the structure.<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Foundation cracking. The irregular settlement of the foundations can cause the appearance of cracks of certain importance in the foundations, which translates into a dangerous situation for the safety of the structure, since cracked foundations do not distribute the load evenly over the ground.<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Slope slides. Liquefaction can practically destroy some slopes. During the occurrence of the phenomenon, large fissures and cracks may be generated in the body of the slopes, from which the material flows down and settles at the base, representing a potential threat to nearby structures and public services.<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Retaining wall failures. A retaining wall fails by sliding, tilting or overturning. The liquefied soil exerts an additional load on the retaining wall and can cause the wall to fail, particularly when the drainage system is plugged<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Pile damage. The pile foundation acts as a column that transfers the structural load to the deeper strata. The liquefied soil exerts a lateral pressure on the pile that causes it to buckle, causing the pile to deform and significantly decrease its bearing capacity or even split (as has been documented in numerous seismic events over the years).<\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Effects on public utilities. Liquefaction especially affects public utilities, such as water, sewer and gas pipes, sidewalks and streets in general, since these structures are characterized by their low stiffness.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>According to this brief account, it is evident that the liquefaction phenomenon can cause significant damage to all types of structures and services.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-35de650 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"35de650\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d3afd8\" data-id=\"5d3afd8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e73308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e73308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soil liquefaction and its economic consequences<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3977f55 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3977f55\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b41370\" data-id=\"3b41370\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfaa337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfaa337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In general, we can say that ground liquefaction constitutes a potential secondary hazard associated with earthquakes, but that it can nevertheless cause serious damage to infrastructure, contributing significantly to the economic losses associated with the occurrence of seismic events.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">To provide insight into the economic consequences of liquefaction phenomena, Table 1 presents information compiled by Chansky et al (2019) on American earthquakes, in a work developed at Tufs University under the auspices of the USGS.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50f0c36 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50f0c36\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21462a8\" data-id=\"21462a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3578748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3578748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Table 1 Breakdown of costs due to liquefaction associated with different earthquakes in USA (Source: Chansky et al, 2019).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e55720 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e55720\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89dc053\" data-id=\"89dc053\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02d999c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"02d999c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"298\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-1024x381.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2901\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-1024x381.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-768x285.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-1536x571.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-2048x761.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Tabla-1-1-18x7.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c008a47 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c008a47\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-78953ed\" data-id=\"78953ed\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b07e721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b07e721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 3 illustrates the costs associated with the above events as a percentage of the total estimated cost for each event.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-98c2e43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"98c2e43\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37880d6\" data-id=\"37880d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f730ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2f730ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-1024x622.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2902\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-1024x622.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-768x467.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-1536x934.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-2048x1245.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figura-3-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-207101b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"207101b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dba20a0\" data-id=\"dba20a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4d33e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4d33e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 3 Percentage costs associated with the total estimated costs for each individual seismic event. (Source: Chansky et al, 2019).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8214b29 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8214b29\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff51f02\" data-id=\"ff51f02\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d78cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00d78cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">However, it is important to note that, as Chansky et al point out, compiling information on damage likely associated with soil liquefaction is a very complicated task, involving the review of government sources, reports, scientific papers and press articles, and then assigning a value to the replacement cost of that damage from various other sources (such as civil engineering consultants, insurance companies, and banks, among others).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>A manera de comentario final, vale destacar que el calcular de manera precisa las p\u00e9rdidas asociadas a la ocurrencia de licuaci\u00f3n durante un evento s\u00edsmico, permitir\u00eda estimar de manera mucho m\u00e1s precisa el impacto econ\u00f3mico global de un terremoto, lo que, a su vez, servir\u00eda de base para que los entes gubernamentales, empresas aseguradoras, y el gremio ingenieril, tomen las previsiones econ\u00f3micas necesarias.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-597863c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"597863c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-55a9f50\" data-id=\"55a9f50\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210f645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"210f645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f1a6512 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f1a6512\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f14df76\" data-id=\"f14df76\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef9f85d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef9f85d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Amundaray, J. I. (2006) <strong>\u201cSuelos potencialmente licuables y medidas de remediaci\u00f3n\u201d<\/strong>. Ingenier\u00eda Forense y Estudios de Sitio \/ Gu\u00eda para la Prevenci\u00f3n de Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos. Prensas Venezolanas. Caracas, Venezuela.<\/li><li>Boiero, A., Amundaray, J., Grases, J. y Tamargo, L. (2008) <strong>\u201cEvaluaci\u00f3n del potencial de licuaci\u00f3n, t\u00e9cnicas de mejoramiento del subsuelo y obtenci\u00f3n del espectro de respuesta s\u00edsmico\u201d<\/strong>. Conferencia 50<sup>th<\/sup> Aniversario de la Sociedad Venezolana de Geotecnia. Caracas, Venezuela.<\/li><li>Chansky, A.; Baise, L; &amp; Meyer, M. (2019) <strong>\u201cLiquefaction loss estimation in US\u201d<\/strong>. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting. Moscone Center, San Francisco, USA.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0294059 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0294059\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8d430d8\" data-id=\"8d430d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7003fff elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"7003fff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a83f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024 - geo Todos los derechos reservados \/ Desarrollo web: lubercba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin La licuaci\u00f3n de suelos y sus consecuencias econ\u00f3micas La licuaci\u00f3n de suelos es un fen\u00f3meno asociado t\u00edpicamente a la ocurrencia de sismos, que genera la p\u00e9rdida de la resistencia al corte del terreno y la consecuente ocurrencia de deformaciones significativas en el mismo, con efectos muchas veces devastadores para estructuras e [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2892","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La licuaci\u00f3n de suelos y sus consecuencias econ\u00f3micas -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/la-licuacion-de-suelos-y-sus-consecuencias-economicas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La licuaci\u00f3n de suelos y sus consecuencias econ\u00f3micas -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin 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