{"id":2189,"date":"2022-06-20T00:09:09","date_gmt":"2022-06-20T00:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?page_id=2189"},"modified":"2025-04-06T22:53:59","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T22:53:59","slug":"la-superficie-especifica-y-el-comportamiento-de-los-suelos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/la-superficie-especifica-y-el-comportamiento-de-los-suelos\/","title":{"rendered":"Specific surface and soil behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2189\" class=\"elementor elementor-2189\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d524ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d524ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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tabindex=\"-1\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60e77b2 elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"60e77b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-60e77b2\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li 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class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a 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tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e29b0df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e29b0df\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38b1157\" data-id=\"38b1157\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7234bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7234bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Specific surface and soil behavior<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e6ec70 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e6ec70\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75a0485\" data-id=\"75a0485\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345d699 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"345d699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The specific surface of soil particles is a fundamental parameter that allows us to know the predominance of gravitational or electrical-chemical forces on them, which directly influences the macro behavior of the soil. But what is the specific surface? How can it be determined? If you want to learn more about this topic, read on...<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-634abdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"634abdd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be55dd1\" data-id=\"be55dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5190f8a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5190f8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContent\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5190f8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5190f8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5190f8a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec0d6ad elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec0d6ad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c942a3\" data-id=\"6c942a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1afd08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1afd08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definition of specific surface of a soil particle<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3797bf elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3797bf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2efc5e\" data-id=\"b2efc5e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea094dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea094dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The forces on which the behavior of coarse-grained soils depends are different from those governing the behavior of fine-grained soils. Coarse-grained soils are significantly affected by their own weight (which implies the action of gravity), whereas the importance of electrical and capillary forces become more important as the particle size decreases, and hence their specific surface Se increases.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">The specific surface Se of a soil particle is defined as the ratio of its area A to its mass M. The relevance of Se in soil behavior can be inferred by analyzing the following expression, which relates the electrical forces to the gravitational force (Santamarina et al, 2002):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4320a47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4320a47\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d47043\" data-id=\"6d47043\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8d53e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d8d53e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1-300x66.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2192\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1-300x66.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1-1024x226.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1-768x169.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1-18x4.jpg 18w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f1.jpg 1334w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d985e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d985e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56c0ab1\" data-id=\"56c0ab1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31bdac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e31bdac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">In the above expression: Felec = electric forces; W = soil particle weight; A = soil particle area; Rdd = repulsive forces; Att = attractive forces; M = particle mass; g = acceleration of gravity. It is evident that, as Se increases, Felec increases as the two terms are directly proportional, which implies a greater influence of these forces on the behavior of the soil.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>On the other hand, Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of some typical clay minerals, as well as silts and sands of different grain sizes.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Table 1 Properties of clay minerals, silts and sands (Source: compilated from Santamarina et al 2022, and Baver, 1956).<\/p><table width=\"100%\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"13%\"><p><strong>Property<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" width=\"43%\"><p><strong>Clay<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p><strong>Silt<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" width=\"26%\"><p><strong>Sand<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"17%\"><p><strong>Montmorillonite<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p><strong>Illite<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p><strong>Kaolinite<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p><em>D<\/em> = 0,002 mm<\/p><\/td><td width=\"14%\"><p><em>D<\/em> = 0,01 mm<\/p><\/td><td width=\"12%\"><p><em>D<\/em> = 0,1 mm<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"13%\"><p><em>S<sub>e<\/sub><\/em> (m<sup>2<\/sup>\/g)<\/p><\/td><td width=\"17%\"><p>400 &#8211; 800<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>80 &#8211; 100<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>10 &#8211; 20<\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p>0,15<\/p><\/td><td width=\"14%\"><p>0,03<\/p><\/td><td width=\"12%\"><p>0,003<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"13%\"><p><em>LL<\/em><\/p><\/td><td width=\"17%\"><p>100 &#8211; 950<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>60 &#8211; 120<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>30 \u2013 110<\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"14%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"12%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"13%\"><p><em>LP<\/em><\/p><\/td><td width=\"17%\"><p>50 &#8211; 100<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>35 &#8211; 60<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>25 \u2013 40<\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"14%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"12%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"13%\"><p>Actividad<\/p><\/td><td width=\"17%\"><p>0,9 \u2013 7,0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>0,5 \u2013 1.0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"13%\"><p>0,3 \u2013 0,5<\/p><\/td><td width=\"15%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"14%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><td width=\"12%\"><p>&#8212;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p class=\"translation-block\">Se = specific surface; LL = liquid limit; PL = plastic limit; D = diameter of soil particle.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">The information shown in the table above is very interesting, as it allows us to deduce that the Se values for clays are considerably higher, by several orders of magnitude, than those corresponding to silts and sands. It is also evident that LL and Activity values are directly proportional to Se, which implies that clays with higher Se will have a more pronounced reaction to the presence of water. This is why, for instance, the swelling potential of a montmorillonite clay (with high Se) is higher than that of a kaolinite (with a relative low Se value).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a69794 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a69794\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0bccae4\" data-id=\"0bccae4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159ae22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"159ae22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Determination of the specific surface for soils<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-050b12c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"050b12c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e149e6\" data-id=\"8e149e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4483259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4483259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The determination of Se can be very useful for estimating the properties of a soil sample, and for predicting its engineering behavior.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">A relatively simple procedure for estimating Se is that proposed by Santamarina et al (2002), which is based on information obtained from a typical sieve and hydrometer grain size test:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fc4868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fc4868\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-070a879\" data-id=\"070a879\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea3c48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ea3c48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"102\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f2-300x102.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2196\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f2-300x102.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f2-768x261.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f2-18x6.jpg 18w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/f2.jpg 854w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9bb274d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9bb274d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-969cfad\" data-id=\"969cfad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b1493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97b1493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">As follows from the above expression, based on the uniformity coefficient Cu, the density of water \u03c1\u03c9, the specific gravity of solid particles Gs, and the mean sample diameter D50, it is possible to estimate the value of Se for a soil sample.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">On the other hand, Farrar &amp; Coleman (1967) developed an expression to estimate Se (in m2\/g) as a function of LL, based on analyses carried out on British clays with LL values varying between 28 and 121:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center\">Se= 1,8LL &#8211; 34<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Although approximate, these equations give an idea of the order of magnitude of Se for a soil sample. In routine soil studies, it would be possible to develop a profile of the variation of Se with depth, based on information from grain size and consistency limit tests, which would be a very useful tool for estimating the expected behavior of the soil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-493c789 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"493c789\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519dc29\" data-id=\"519dc29\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49fecce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49fecce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Importance and applications of specific surface in practical Geotechnical Engineering<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff037e5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff037e5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3b3631\" data-id=\"b3b3631\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d3a61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41d3a61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">According to Santamarina et al (2002), the physical processes governing soil behavior change when Se exceeds approximately 1 m2\/g, because soils with higher Se undergo sedimentation and formation processes controlled by environmental factors, and exhibit a marked increase in stiffness under unsaturated conditions, accompanied by a marked volumetric shrinkage.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Even small amounts of fines can have a considerable effect on the behavior of coarse soils. Fines fill pore spaces between larger particles, control soil permeability, determine whether a given loading condition is drained or undrained, and increase the threshold for elastic deformation and degradation of soils. In addition, a relatively small percentage of fines can form stabilizing bridges between coarser particle contacts, which provide significant strength and stiffness to the soil (e.g. loess). The Unified Soil Classification System recognizes these observations, clearly separates fines from coarse soils, captures the importance of fines in coarse soils, and even addresses whether these fines are of high or low plasticity, i.e. high or low specific surface area (Santamirna et al, 2002).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Based on the above, it is evident that the behaviour of the soil will depend on the amount of clay particles, i.e. the colloidal fraction FF (particles smaller than 2 \u03bcm) contained in the soil. Thus, in addition to the profile of Se variation with depth, it is possible to use the criterion originally proposed by Mitchell (1976), and later complemented by Lupini et al (1981) and Boiero (2021), according to which, from a practical point of view (i.e. to be applied in routine geotechnical projects), when FF &gt; 20% the soil will have a \"clay-like\" behaviour, due to the presence of enough particles with high Se to make electrochemical forces prevail in the macro behaviour of the soil mass; and for FF &lt; 20% the soil will have a &quot;sand-like&quot; behaviour, entirely governed by the granular phase. Figure 1 illustrates this qualitatively.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c5a55f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c5a55f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d214633\" data-id=\"d214633\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbf074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8fbf074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2197\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figura-1.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef16f78 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef16f78\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d031c97\" data-id=\"d031c97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7294069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7294069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 1 Soil structure for soils with FF  20% (right), in which electro-chemical forces predominate, due the higher Se value (Source: modified from Holtz et al, 2011).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-58ec189 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58ec189\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-efba748\" data-id=\"efba748\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17520f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17520f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">This concludes this post. As a final comment, I think it is worth mentioning that, since the behavior of a soil mass is linked to the amount of colloidal particles it contains, and considering that LL is a relatively simple way of estimating the influence of these particles, it is essential that the determination of the Atterberg limits be carried out accurately in the laboratory.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69512d9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69512d9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b7eebc\" data-id=\"3b7eebc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d405e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d405e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34b8c61 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34b8c61\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b46d82\" data-id=\"6b46d82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5005301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5005301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Baver, L.D. (1956) <strong>\u201cSoil physics\u201d<\/strong>. John Wiley and Sons, New York.<\/li><li>Boiero, A. (2021) <strong>\u201cDevelopment of a rational methodology for soil geotechnical characterization\u201d<\/strong>. 6<sup>th <\/sup>International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization. Available at http:\/\/isc6.org\/images\/Cikkek\/Sessions\/ISC2020-12.pdf. Budapest, Hungary.<\/li><li>Farrar, D.M., and Coleman, J.D. (1967) <strong>\u201cThe correlation of surface area with other properties of nineteen British clays\u201d<\/strong>. Journal of Soil Science, 18(1): 118\u2013124. London, UK.<\/li><li>Holtz, R.; Kovacs, W. &amp; Sheahan, T. (2011) <strong>\u201cAn introduction to Geotechnical Engineering\u201d<\/strong>. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, USA.<\/li><li>Lupini, J., Skinner, A. &amp; Vaughan, P. (1981) <strong>\u201cThe drained residual strength of cohesive soils\u201d<\/strong>. Geotechnique, 31, pp. 181-212. London, UK.<\/li><li>Mitchell, J. (1976) <strong>&#8220;Fundamentals of soil behavior\u201d<\/strong>, 1<sup>st<\/sup> John Wiley &amp; Sons, New Jersey, USA.<\/li><li>Santamarina, J., Klein, K., Wang, Y. &amp; Prencke, E. (2002) <strong>\u201cSpecific surface: determination and relevance\u201d<\/strong>. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, pp. 233-241. Canada.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6505704 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6505704\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1b3a86\" data-id=\"e1b3a86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bb8b57 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"3bb8b57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-7da78dc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Geo-Web-100977118794652\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fe85f2d\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/geowebonline\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-a21533a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/geowebonline\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-8544528\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alvaro-boiero-37bb4348\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-28392dc elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"28392dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd88655\" data-id=\"fd88655\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e2b497 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e2b497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2024 - geo Todos los derechos reservados \/ Desarrollo web: lubercba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin La superficie espec\u00edfica y el comportamiento de los suelos La superficie espec\u00edfica de las part\u00edculas de suelo, es un par\u00e1metro fundamental que permite conocer el predominio de fuerzas gravitacionales o fuerzas el\u00e9ctrico-qu\u00edmicas sobre las mismas, lo cual influye de manera directa en el comportamiento macro del terreno. Pero, \u00bfqu\u00e9 es la [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2189","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La superficie espec\u00edfica y el comportamiento de los suelos -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/la-superficie-especifica-y-el-comportamiento-de-los-suelos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La superficie espec\u00edfica y el comportamiento de los suelos -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin La superficie espec\u00edfica y el comportamiento de los suelos La superficie espec\u00edfica de las part\u00edculas de suelo, es un par\u00e1metro fundamental que permite conocer el predominio de fuerzas gravitacionales o fuerzas el\u00e9ctrico-qu\u00edmicas sobre las mismas, lo cual influye de manera directa en el comportamiento macro del terreno. 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