{"id":1069,"date":"2021-06-06T21:33:27","date_gmt":"2021-06-06T21:33:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/?page_id=1069"},"modified":"2025-04-06T17:53:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T17:53:02","slug":"presion-lateral-de-tierra-la-condicion-ko","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/presion-lateral-de-tierra-la-condicion-ko\/","title":{"rendered":"PRESI\u00d3N LATERAL DE TIERRA: LA CONDICI\u00d3N \u201cKo\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1069\" class=\"elementor elementor-1069\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e5b1a81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e5b1a81\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06e64cd\" data-id=\"06e64cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755bdf2 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"755bdf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-7da78dc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Geo-Web-100977118794652\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" 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role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-8544528\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alvaro-boiero-37bb4348\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc9a9d6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc9a9d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d756f75\" data-id=\"d756f75\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6790e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d6790e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png 582w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93dcc67\" data-id=\"93dcc67\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605e4b1 elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"605e4b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-605e4b1\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-605e4b1\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f8c296 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"3f8c296\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7560b94\" data-id=\"7560b94\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95b0efb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"95b0efb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3338\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro.png 582w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/logosgeonewalvaro-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-164ef9e\" data-id=\"164ef9e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9804b elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9804b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22db58a\" data-id=\"22db58a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-119b4ad elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"119b4ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-119b4ad\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/fundaciones-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Foundations<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/mecanica-de-suelos\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Soil Mechanics<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/muros\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Walls<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/estabilidad-de-talues\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Slope Stability<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/aguas-subterraneas\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Groundwater<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/topicos-especiales\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Special Topics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1166\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/e-learning\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">E-learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/servicios-de-consultoria\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Servicios de consultor\u00eda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3224\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/proyecto-geotecnico\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-119b4ad\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1164\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quien-soy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/quieres-saber-mas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">geo-info<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu 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tabindex=\"-1\">Proyectos geot\u00e9cnicos<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1168\"><a href=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/en\/contacto\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de1e4ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de1e4ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6994c67\" data-id=\"6994c67\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15553b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15553b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The lateral earth pressure: the \u201cko\u201d condition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3abdd13 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3abdd13\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec007d7\" data-id=\"ec007d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16c05d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16c05d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">When designing a retaining structure, one of the main parameters to be considered is the lateral earth pressure coefficient, since this coefficient is related to the stresses due to the earth thrust that the structure is expected to support, and to the type of deformations expected for the structure. In this context, what is the resting condition \"Ko\" and how is the value of this coefficient estimated?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-745facf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"745facf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-895f5fc\" data-id=\"895f5fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a51e52 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"6a51e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContent\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6a51e52\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__6a51e52\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__6a51e52\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c641472 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c641472\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fa9dc7\" data-id=\"9fa9dc7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aef5ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2aef5ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horizontal stresses in the soil<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03d79f6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03d79f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-576fb5d\" data-id=\"576fb5d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fc263 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48fc263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The stresses in a soil mass are produced by two components: 1) the self-weight of the soil; and 2) the external loads applied to the soil. Although the actual distribution of these stresses in the soil mass is quite complicated, when the ground surface is approximately horizontal and no significant changes in the nature of the soil are observed in the horizontal direction (as is approximately the case for sedimentary soils), the stress system is greatly simplified, and the stresses are termed geostatic (Lambe &amp; Whitman, 1969).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">According to the above, the vertical geostatic stresses can be estimated by knowing the variation of the unit weight (\u03b3) of the soil with depth (z), according to the expression shown below:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-313b385 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"313b385\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a839a5a\" data-id=\"a839a5a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-761453d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"761453d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA1-1-300x134.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1075\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA1-1-300x134.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA1-1.jpg 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-efcb701 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"efcb701\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f0f978c\" data-id=\"f0f978c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ddbf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ddbf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">However, the relationship between the vertical (\u03c3v) and horizontal (\u03c3h) stresses is not hydrostatic, and is expressed by the lateral stress or lateral pressure coefficient (K):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6777506 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6777506\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e291164\" data-id=\"e291164\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b1b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c2b1b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"96\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA2-300x96.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1074\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA2-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA2-768x245.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA2.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-056eecb elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"056eecb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e4b7f\" data-id=\"b3e4b7f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e5fde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42e5fde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">This relationship is valid even when the stress conditions are not close to the geostatic case. In general, the value of K can vary in a wide range, depending on the stress conditions in the ground (higher or lower horizontal compression, either by effects related to overconsolidation, or by anthropogenic action), as shown in Figure 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-24bd81a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"24bd81a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e43681\" data-id=\"6e43681\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ce2026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7ce2026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1-1024x962.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1076\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1-1024x962.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1-768x721.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1-1536x1443.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-1.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15e7267 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15e7267\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ffcad7\" data-id=\"6ffcad7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf6e816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf6e816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 1 Relationship between vertical and horizontal geostatic stresses (Source: Lambe &amp; Whitman, 1969).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-39f420c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"39f420c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c88f5d9\" data-id=\"c88f5d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca1a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ca1a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">As can be seen from the previous figure, for normally consolidated soils the value of \u03c3h is less than that of \u03c3v, which implies that K is less than 1. This occurs because, as sedimentation occurs over an extensive area, there is no appreciable horizontal compression. The opposite occurs for overconsolidated soils, which have had significant loading in their geological past or have been subjected to desiccation processes, for which K is greater than 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-379e568 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"379e568\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c3e647\" data-id=\"1c3e647\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efb0418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efb0418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At rest \u201cKo\u201d condition<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f12ce5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f12ce5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c810e28\" data-id=\"c810e28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f88b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f88b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The rest condition, for which the lateral pressure coefficient is represented as Ko, corresponds to the stress state of an undisturbed soil, i.e., without the presence of external stresses or structures that modify its natural stress state.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">In what cases would this stress condition occur in a retaining structure? Well, this case is plausible only in a wall of high stiffness, which does not rotate or deform significantly, a condition for which no lateral deformations would occur. In this case, the stress condition would be very similar to that of the natural ground, and therefore we would have K \u2248 Ko (Coduto, 2001).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">From a practical point of view, designing a wall under these conditions is rare. However, the value of Ko is essential for carrying out stress path analysis (a topic that I will soon address in another post), since in this type of analysis it is necessary to know the original state of stress in the ground, in order to predict with a higher degree of accuracy the performance of the structure under study (Holtz et al, 2011).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91ab015 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91ab015\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ca2fab\" data-id=\"1ca2fab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bceb586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bceb586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estimation of \u201cKo\u201d coefficient for SANDS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1872731 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1872731\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b9fa177\" data-id=\"b9fa177\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3f6fae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3f6fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The determination of \u03c3h is not easy, since it is virtually impossible to install a pressure cell in situ, without producing some kind of densification or alteration of the ground around it. Therefore, the value of Ko is estimated either from theoretical analysis or from laboratory tests.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">In addition, knowing certain strength or stress state parameters of the soil, it is possible to employ correlations, which allow estimating Ko values sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Thus, for the case of normally consolidated sands, the well-known theoretical relationship between Ko and the angle of internal friction (\u03c6) proposed by Jaky (1948) can be used:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-09bd39c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"09bd39c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-064aa16\" data-id=\"064aa16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ba9c52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ba9c52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"78\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA3-300x78.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1077\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA3-300x78.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA3.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a834068 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a834068\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a735b27\" data-id=\"a735b27\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351be67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"351be67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">According to the above expression, Ko values between 0.40 and 0.45 can be considered adequate for preliminary estimates.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">For overconsolidated sands, Ko is somewhat higher than for normally consolidated sands. Alpan (1967) suggests that the increase in Ko can be related to the overconsolidation ratio (OCR), according to the following expression:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9d3387 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9d3387\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a229d47\" data-id=\"a229d47\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f945f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f0f945f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"51\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA4-300x51.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1078\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA4-300x51.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA4-768x130.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA4.jpg 984w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb9a3e6 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb9a3e6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d22a869\" data-id=\"d22a869\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd8c94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd8c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The value of Ko-NC can be estimated from the equation of Jaky (1948) mentioned above, while the value of the empirical coefficient h can vary from 0.40 for relatively low stiffness sands to 0.60 for very dense sands (Schmertmann, 1975).<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">As for the OCR value, its determination is complicated for sands. There are some correlations based on the value of the cone tip resistance qc reported by Kulhawy &amp; Mayne (1990, available at https:\/\/www.epri.com\/research\/products\/EL-6800), which can be used to estimate this value.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bc1756 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bc1756\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e5cf268\" data-id=\"e5cf268\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e16ba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e16ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estimation of \u201cKo\u201d coefficient for CLAYS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29761d3 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29761d3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69ac6a5\" data-id=\"69ac6a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aedff3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aedff3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">For the case of normally consolidated clays, Brooker &amp; Ireland (1965) report that the Ko coefficient varies with the plasticity index (PI), according to the following expression, also included in Figure 2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733a276 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733a276\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f4ed1a\" data-id=\"0f4ed1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32d595 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d32d595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"96\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA5-300x96.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1079\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA5-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA5-768x246.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECUA5.jpg 858w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3df1d65 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3df1d65\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c77292\" data-id=\"5c77292\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e75c170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e75c170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">On the other hand, the relationship between Ko and OCR can be estimated by employing the effective internal friction angle (\u03c6'), usually obtained for clays from isotropically undrained consolidated triaxial tests (CIU), or from drained consolidated tests (CD). Mayne &amp; Kulhawy (1982) suggest using the following expression for overconsolidated clays:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9441e65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9441e65\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c219976\" data-id=\"c219976\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f09fa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f09fa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"37\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECU6-300x37.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1080\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECU6-300x37.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECU6-1024x128.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECU6-768x96.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ECU6.jpg 1092w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aa57c01 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"aa57c01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ecd8c18\" data-id=\"ecd8c18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69db365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69db365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">The OCR value can be determined from consolidation tests on undisturbed samples in the laboratory, or estimated using the cone tip strength qc presented by Kulhawy &amp; Mayne (1990, available at https:\/\/www.epri.com\/research\/products\/EL-6800).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5adc2e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f5adc2e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c700f8\" data-id=\"5c700f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f23cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c1f23cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"664\" src=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-1024x850.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1081\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-1024x850.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-300x249.jpg 300w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-768x637.jpg 768w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-1536x1274.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/geo-webonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figura-2-2048x1699.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f29e2ef elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f29e2ef\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d45955\" data-id=\"6d45955\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e5f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e5f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">Figure 2 Relationship between effective internal friction angle \u03c6' and plastic index PI for normally consolidated clays. (Source: Massarsch, 1979, CB Holtz et al, 2011).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07fe7b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07fe7b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7402ca9\" data-id=\"7402ca9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f626b64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f626b64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">According to the above, it is evident that the value of Ko is highly dependent on the stress history of the deposit, especially for the case of overconsolidated clays.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70adfe3 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70adfe3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0287fbe\" data-id=\"0287fbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a663fda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a663fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What about the determination of \u201cKo\u201d for mixed soils?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8491291 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8491291\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77ef070\" data-id=\"77ef070\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96b278c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96b278c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">As I have already discussed in the post The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) in Geotechnical Engineering, the presence of clay particles (smaller than 2 \u03bcm in size) exerts a notable influence on the behavior of the soil.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">So, what methodologies should be used to estimate the Ko coefficient of, say, a clayey sand (SC), or a silt (ML)? And for a silty clay (CL-ML)?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Considering numerous investigations developed in the last 30 years (Kenney, 1977; Lupini et al, 1981; Skempton, 1985; Kumar &amp; Wood, 1999; Vallejo, 2001; Mitchell &amp; Soga, 2005; Biscontin et al, 2007, among others), the answer depends on the colloid content (i.e., the content of small clay particles). Basically, from a practical point of view, the USCS must be complemented with an accurate estimation (through a hydrometry test) of the colloid content of the soil sample.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Thus, if this content is higher than 20%-25%, the soil will present a behavior totally dominated by the clay fraction, so the expressions shown in section 4 of this post should be used to estimate Ko. Otherwise, the methods mentioned in section 3 of this post should be used.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-123ef61 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"123ef61\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e2109d\" data-id=\"2e2109d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f907aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f907aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3763cc5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3763cc5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ee01a3\" data-id=\"9ee01a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bad3a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bad3a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Biscontin, G., Simonetta, C. Pestana, J. &amp; Simonini, M. (2007) <strong>\u201cUnified compression model for Venice Lagoon natural silts\u201d<\/strong>, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, pp. 932-942.<\/li><li>Coduto, D. (2001) <strong>\u201cFoundation Design: Principles and Practices\u201d<\/strong>. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, USA.<\/li><li>Holtz, R.; Kovacs, W. &amp; Sheahan, T. (2011) <strong>\u201cAn Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering\u201d<\/strong>. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, USA.<\/li><li>Kenney, T. (1977) <strong>\u201cResidual strength of mineral mixtures\u201d<\/strong>, In: Proceedings 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1, pp. 155-160.<\/li><li>Kumar, G. &amp; Wood, M. (1999) <strong>\u201cFall cone and compression tests on clay-gravel mixtures\u201d<\/strong>, Geotechnique, 49, pp. 727-739.<\/li><li>Lambe, W. &amp; Whitman, R. (1969) <strong>\u201cSoil Mechanics\u201d<\/strong>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, USA.<\/li><li>Lupini, J., Skinner, A. &amp; Vaughan, P. (1981) <strong>\u201cThe drained residual strength of cohesive soils\u201d<\/strong>, Geotechnique, 31, pp. 181-212.<\/li><li>Mitchell, J. &amp; Soga, K. (2005) <strong>&#8220;Fundamentals of soil behavior\u201d<\/strong>, 3rd ed., John Wiley &amp; Sons, New Jersey, USA.<\/li><li>Skempton, A. (1985) \u201c<strong>Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata and the laboratory\u201d<\/strong>, Geotechnique, 35, pp. 3-18.<\/li><li>Vallejo, L. 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